Suchergebnisse

The following article analyzes the presentation of Empress Theodora – the wife of Emperor Justinian and the most popular woman in the history of Byzantium – in contemporary Latin sources. Victor of Tunnuna, Liberatus of Carthage, and the author of selected biographies in Liber Pontificalis focused in their works primarily on the issues of religious policy of the empire and described the person of the ruler throughout this prism. Considerations on the parallel monophysite source tradition allow for a hypothesis about the schematicism of creating the image of Theodora as the main enemy of Chalcedonian orthodoxy.

This article aims at indicating a significant problem from the point of view of international security, i.e. militarisation of outer space and the ongoing race for domination with the participation of the United States, the Russian Federation, China and India. The ongoing development of military resources in the outer space and the existing gaps in the international law regulations concerning space law result in the fact that the concept of the cosmic theatre of war is gradually realised. One of the biggest challenges that are contemporarily faced by the international security is the proliferation of missile technology, especially in those countries that are seeking to obtain a favourable regional geopolitical position or aspiring to become supra-regional leaders. Missile defence system consists of four inter-related and complementary elements: land, sea, air and outer space.

The problem of media visibility of politicians and political parties is at the heart of the interest of political communication researchers. Theoretical reflections and empirical studies focus on numerous media presence determinants. At the same time, attempts to identify the media visibility of political actors in specific periods, such as the particularly important for democracy period of the election campaign preceding the parliamentary election, are relatively rare. This study is intended to fill that gap. It proposes a simple research tool in the form of a media visibility index, which makes it possible to calculate and compare the visibility of electoral committees in selected media during the election campaign. The tool was used to determine the visibility of electoral committees taking part in the 2019 parliamentary elections in Poland in two TV news services "Wiadomości" and "Fakty", and three weekly opinion magazines "Newsweek", "Polityka" and "Sieci". The data to calculate the index was gathered through manual content analysis of the studied media conducted six weeks before the day of the parliamentary elections.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the statements of experts and commentators in news items devoted to the parliamentary elections and the election campaign in 2015 and 2019 in one of the most popular news programs, Wiadomości broadcasted by the public television TVP1. Content analysis was used for the study. The aim of the study was both to determine the specifics of the experts and commentators presented and the overtone of their opinions on the election committees participating in the parliamentary election. The results of the study show that during the 2019 election campaign, the public broadcaster's news program mostly presented a different type of experts and commentators than in 2015, and the commentaries themselves changed their overtone from being more distanced from the entities participating in the 2015 elections to being strongly engaged and exposing a strong position on the assessment of the main rivals of the 2019 parliamentary election.

The article is the second part of studies showing Afghanistan's path towards adopting international instruments to protect human rights. Based on the acts of national and international law and historical sources, the conditions that led to the state's acceptance or rejection of international human rights treaties during the functioning of the Republic of Afghanistan was analysed. The main research goal is to show the changes in the state's political arena and the internal legal order, which conditioned the accession to the international instruments for the protection of human rights. Particular attention was paid to the state's situation in the context of international relations, including the impact of the Soviet Union on the government of Afghanistan.